Reflexiones para optimizar el triaje en cirugía / Reflections to optimize triage in surgery

Introducción: La categorización de las urgencias quirúrgicas es una necesidad en razón al continuo desequilibrio entre la oferta y la demanda de servicios quirúrgicos en la mayoría de las instituciones donde se encuentra habilitada la prestación del servicio. Hay abordajes en el tema, con estrategias de priorización de los casos quirúrgicos, que consideran escalas y flujogramas, pero su ausente validez externa y las particularidades de las instituciones y aseguradores, han limitado una generalización de los resultados. Métodos: Se efectúa una conceptualización del triaje de las urgencias quirúrgicas con planteamientos críticos y reflexivos soportados en la evidencia. Se identifican, asimismo, las posibles oportunidades para la investigación. Discusión: Los beneficios potenciales de un triaje quirúrgico en situaciones de urgencia, son extensivos a todos los actores del sistema de salud, disminuyen la posibilidad de desenlaces y repercusiones económicas negativas para las instituciones y los aseguradores. La teoría de las colas ofrece el soporte para un entendimiento del tema y contribuye en las soluciones. Su adopción es escasa como parte de una estrategia local de priorización quirúrgica en un contexto de urgencia. Conclusión:La creación de estrategias que establezcan el triaje para el paciente con una urgencia quirúrgica están influenciadas por la participación continua y efectiva de los actores involucrados en el proceso y en su impacto en los desenlaces clínicos

Introduction: Categorizing surgical emergencies is necessary due to the continued imbalance between the supply and demand of surgical services in most institutions where the service is enabled. There are approaches to the subject, with strategies for prioritizing surgical cases, which consider scales and flowcharts, but their lack of external validity and the particularities of the institutions and insurers have limited the generalization of the results. Methods: A conceptualization of the triage of surgical emergencies is carried out with critical and reflective approaches supported by evidence. Potential research opportunities are also identified. Discussion: The potential benefits of surgical triage in emergent situations are extensive to all health system actors, reducing the possibility of adverse outcomes and economic repercussions for institutions and insurers. Queuing theory offers support for understanding the issue and contributes to solutions. However, its adoption is scarce in an emergency as part of a local surgical prioritization strategy. Conclusion: The creation of strategies that establish triage for the patient with a surgical emergency is influenced by the continuous and effective participation of the actors involved in the process and its impact on clinical outcomes

Contribution margin per hour of operating room to reallocate unutilized operating room time: a cost-effectiveness analysis

Abstract Background and objectives: Contribution margin per hour (CMH) has been proposed in healthcare systems to increase the profitability of operating suites. The aim of our study is to propose a simple and reproducible model to calculate CMH and to increase cost-effectiveness. Methods: For the ten most commonly performed surgical procedures at our Institution, we prospectively collected their diagnosis-related group (DRG) reimbursement, variable costs and mean procedural time. We quantified the portion of total staffed operating room time to be reallocated with a minimal risk of overrun. Moreover, we calculated the total CMH with a random reallocation on a first come-first served basis. Finally, prioritizing procedures with higher CMH, we ran a simulation by calculating the total CMH. Results: Over a two-months period, we identified 14.5 hours of unutilized operating room to reallocate. In the case of a random ''first come -first serve'' basis, the total earnings were 87,117 United States dollars (USD). Conversely, with a reallocation which prioritized procedures with a high CMH, it was possible to earn 140,444 USD (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Surgical activity may be one of the most profitable activities for hospitals, but a cost-effective management requires a comprehension of its cost profile. Reallocation of unused operating room time according to CMH may represent a simple, reproducible and reliable tool for elective cases on a waiting list. In our experience, it helped improving the operating suite cost-effectiveness.

Safety culture among operating room healthcare workers: still a long way to go. An analytical cross-sectional study from Turkey

Introduction: safety culture attitudes of health workers are still not at the desired level. Although the creation of patient safety culture is important for all health care environments, it is more vital for critical units. Objective: to determine the patient safety culture levels of those working in the operating room environment and compare them with the 2008 results of the same hospitals. Materials and Methods: an analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017-2018. The Turkish version of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture was administered to nurses, anesthesia technicians, assistant physicians, and specialist physicians working in the Operating Rooms (n=258) of two university hospitals in Konya, a large city in Anatolian region of Turkey. Results: average percent positive response to the 42 items was low (41%, n=258). While there was no change in one dimension of the questionnaire compared to 2008; there was a positive change in 8 dimensions and a negative change in 3 dimensions. All 12 dimensions were lower than the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality score. Discussion: Despite many studies, policy developments and interventions on patient safety, the improvement of a patient safety culture is very slowly in Turkey as in other countries. Conclusion: non-reporting of errors and a punitive approach in case of errors are still considered the most important problems.

Introducción: las actitudes del personal de salud frente a la cultura de la seguridad siguen sin alcanzar su nivel deseado. Aunque la creación de una cultura de seguridad del paciente es importante en todos los entornos de cuidado, es vital en las unidades de cuidado crítico. Objetivo: determinar los niveles de cultura de seguridad del paciente de quienes trabajan en quirófanos y compararlos con los 2008 resultados de los mismos hospitales. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal analítico entre 2017 y 2018. La versión en turco de la Encuesta Hospitalaria sobre Cultura de Seguridad del Paciente se administró a profesionales de enfermería, anestesistas, médicos auxiliares y médicos especialistas que trabajaban en los quirófanos (n=258) de dos hospitales universitarios de Konya, una ciudad de la región de Anatolia en Turquía. Resultados: El porcentaje medio de respuestas positivas a los 42 ítems fue bajo (41%, n=258). Si bien no hubo cambios en una dimensión del cuestionario en comparación con los 2008 resultados, hubo un cambio positivo en 8 dimensiones y un cambio negativo en 3 dimensiones. Las 12 dimensiones presentaron una puntuación inferior a la de la Agencia para la Investigación y la Calidad del Cuidado de la Salud. Discusión: A pesar de los numerosos estudios, desarrollos en política e intervenciones en materia de seguridad del paciente, la mejora de la cultura de seguridad del paciente es muy lenta en Turquía, al igual que en otros países. Conclusión: No notificar errores y un enfoque punitivo en caso de error siguen considerándose los problemas más importantes.

Introdução: as atitudes de cultura de segurança dos profissionais de saúde ainda não estão no nível desejado. Embora a criação da cultura de segurança do paciente seja importante para todos os ambientes de assistência médica, ela é mais vital para as unidades críticas. Objetivo: determinar os níveis de cultura de segurança do paciente daqueles que trabalham no ambiente da sala de cirurgia e compará-los com os resultados de 2008 dos mesmos hospitais. Materiais e Métodos: um estudo analítico de corte transversal foi realizado em 2017-2018. A versão turca da Pesquisa Hospitalar sobre Cultura de Segurança do Paciente foi aplicada a enfermeiros, técnicos de anestesia, médicos assistentes e médicos especialistas que trabalham nas salas de cirurgia (n=258) de dois hospitais universitários em Konya, uma grande cidade na região da Anatólia, Turquia. Resultados: a porcentagem média de respostas positivas aos 42 itens foi baixa (41%, n=258). Embora não tenha havido alteração em uma dimensão do questionário em comparação com 2008, houve uma alteração positiva em 8 dimensões e uma alteração negativa em 3 dimensões. Todas as 12 dimensões foram inferiores à pontuação da Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Discussão: Apesar de muitos estudos, desenvolvimentos de políticas e intervenções sobre a segurança do paciente, o aprimoramento de uma cultura de segurança do paciente é muito lento na Turquia, assim como em outros países. Conclusão: a não notificação de erros e uma abordagem punitiva em caso de erros ainda são considerados os problemas mais importantes.

Estudio comparativo en intubación orotraqueal entre anestesiólogos (Quirófano) e intensivistas (Unidad De Terapia Intensiva) en un hospital del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (GCBA) / Comparative study in orotracheal intubation between anesthesiologists (Operating Room) and intensivists (Intensive Therapy Unit) in a hospital in the Government of the City of Buenos Aires (GCBA), argentina

La intubación orotraqueal (IOT) como otros procedimientos, no se lleva a cabo de igual manera acorde a las distintas especialidades médicas. Para analizar estas diferencias, se han comparado especialistas en terapia intensiva y de anestesiología en diferentes contextos: unidad cerrada y quirófano. Material y Método: Se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, prospectivo y comparativo con 18 especialistas, 8 anestesiólogos y 10 intensivistas, analizando 20 prácticas de IOT en cada ámbito. Se excluyeron médicos sin especialidad, pacientes menores de 18 años, embarazadas, pacientes con traumatismo cervical y en parada cardiorrespiratoria. Resultados: No se demostraron diferencias en la dificultad en la instrumentación de la vía aérea entre los pacientes intubados por ambas especialidades. Existió mayor utilización de elementos para posicionar la cabeza a favor del grupo de anestesiología (p < 0.05). La pre oxigenación fue utilizada en igual proporción en ambos grupos y el uso de relajantes musculares fue mayor en anestesiologos (p < 0.05). El tiempo de apnea fue superior en los anestesiólogos 58 seg vs 12,8 seg. La técnica de secuencia de intubación rápida fue usada por el 100% de los anestesiólogos contra el 40% de los intensivistas. El éxito y la intubación en un intento fue igual entre los grupos. Las complicaciones: hipoxemia e hipotensión arterial fue mayor entre los intensivistas (p < 0.05). Conclusión La eficacia en la IOT fue igual entre ambos grupos con mayor seguridad en el grupo de anestesiólogos.

Orotracheal intubation (OTI) like other procedures isn´t performed in the same way in different medical specialities. In order to study these differences we have compared the procedure in intensive care units and in operating rooms performed by intensivists and anesthesiologists repectively.. Design: observational, prospective and compared study. Material: 18 specialists, 8 anesthesiologists and 10 intensivists, measuring 20 OTIs in each site. Non-specialist physicians, patients younger than 18 years old, pregnant women, cervical trauma and cardiac arrest patients were excluded. It was approved by the Bioetics Institution Committee. Results: Differences between specialities regarding airway instrumentation difficulty in intubated patients were not observed. More head positioning devices were required by anesthesiologists than by intensivists (p < 0.05). Preoxygenation was used in the same proportion in both groups, whereas neuromuscular blocking drug use was greater among anesthesiologists (p < 0.05). Apnea time was superior in anesthesiologists (58 seconds vs. 12.8 seconds). Rapid sequence intubation technique was used by 100% of anesthesiologists compared to 40% of intensivists. Successful OTI at first attempt was equal between groups. Hypoxemia and arterial hypotension complications were more frequent among intensivists (p < 0.05). Conclusion: OTI effectiveness was equal in both groups, with more safety among anesthesiologists.

Test predictores de vía aérea difícil y hallazgos bajo laringoscopia directa en sala de operaciones del hospital general esmeraldas sur delfina torres de concha / Difficult airway predictor tests and findings under direct laryngoscopy in the operating room of Esmeraldas Sur General Hospital Delfina Torres de Concha

La combinación de los test predictores de la vía área difícil durante la evaluación preanestésica y la preparación de los pacientes quirúrgicos es fundamental para reducir el índice de morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre los test predictores de vía aérea difícil y los hallazgos bajo laringoscopia directa en los pacientes que son intervenidos en la sala de operaciones del Hospital General Esmeraldas Sur Delfina Torres de Concha. La institución de salud en mención no registra previamente un estudio de estas características. Materiales y Métodos: El diseño de investigación que se aplicó fue cualitativo, de corte transversal con enfoque descriptivo. En consecuencia, se observaron y se tomaron datos del formulario de anestesiología de 150 historias clínicas de pacientes que fueron derivados a cirugía desde febrero de 2019 hasta julio de 2019. Las variables examinadas correspondieron a paciente adulto, vía aérea difícil, test predictores de VAD y laringoscopia directa. Resultados: Mostraron que el test que alertó más casos de VAD es el de protrusión mandibular con el 59,30%, seguido de la distancia tiromentoniana con el 40,00%. Asimismo, los hallazgos bajo laringoscopia derivaron en procedimientos de intubación difícil, guardando relación con otros test predictores de VAD. Conclusiones: La combinación de varios test de VAD facultan a los médicos a planificar respuestas oportunas ante la presencia de problemas(AU)

The combination of predictive tests of the difficult airway during the pre-anesthetic evaluation and the preparation of surgical patients is essential to reduce the morbidity and mortality rate. Objective: To analyze the relationship between the difficult airway predictive tests and the findings under direct laryngoscopy in patients who are operated on in the operating room of the Hospital General Esmeraldas Sur Delfina Torres de Concha. The aforementioned health institution has not previously registered a study of these characteristics. Materials and Methods: The research design that was applied was qualitative, cross-sectional with a descriptive approach. Consequently, data from the anesthesiology form of 150 medical records of patients who were referred for surgery from February 2019 to July 2019 were observed and collected. The variables examined corresponded to adult patients, difficult airway, VAD predictor tests and direct laryngoscopy. Results: They showed that the test that alerted more cases of VAD is mandibular protrusion with 59.30%, followed by thyromental distance with 40.00%. Likewise, the findings under laryngoscopy led to difficult intubation procedures, being related to other VAD predictive tests. Conclusions: The combination of several VAD tests empower physicians to plan timely responses to the presence of problems(AU)

Nursing Care during the Perioperative within the Surgical Context / Cuidado de enfermería durante el perioperatorio dentro del contexto quirúrgico / Cuidados de enfermagem no período perioperatório no contexto cirúrgico

Abstract The study describes basic nursing care during the perioperative. Introduces the origins of perioperative nursing, general care that must be practiced with patient in this context. During the preoperative, care related with risk assessment and preparation of patient from the emotional and physical point of view are important. The trans-operative is related with the anesthesia used, surgical position, preparation of the skin, maintenance of normothermia, among many others. The postoperative depends on the type of anesthesia and surgical procedure, emphasizing on airway permeability, hemodynamic stability, pain, and symptomatology being presented by patients until they are stable and suitable for transfer to another service or their home.

Resumen Se describen los cuidados de enfermería básicos durante el perioperatorio. Se presentan los orígenes de la enfermería perioperatoria, los cuidados generales que se deben tener con el paciente en este contexto. En el preoperatorio es importante los cuidados relacionados con la valoración del riesgo, la preparación del paciente desde el punto de vista emocional y físico. Durante el transoperatorio se relacionan con la anestesia utilizada, la posición quirúrgica, la preparación de la piel, el mantenimiento de la normotermia, entre muchos otros. En el posoperatorio dependen del tipo de anestesia y procedimiento quirúrgico, realizando énfasis en la permeabilidad de la vía aérea, la estabilidad hemodinámica, el dolor, y la sintomatología que va presentando el paciente hasta que este estable y apto para trasladarse a otro servicio o para su casa.

Resumo São descritos os cuidados básicos de enfermagem durante o período perioperatório. São apresentadas as origens da enfermagem perioperatória, bem como os cuidados gerais que devem ser tomados com o paciente nesse contexto. No pré-operatório, são importantes os cuidados relacionados à avaliação de risco e o preparo do paciente do ponto de vista emocional e físico. Durante o transoperatório, estão relacionados à anestesia utilizada, à posição cirúrgica, ao preparo da pele, à manutenção da normotermia, entre muitos outros. No pós-operatório, dependem do tipo de anestesia e procedimento cirúrgico, enfatizando a permeabilidade da via aérea, estabilidade hemodinâmica, dor e os sintomas que o paciente apresenta até que esteja estável e apto a se transferir para outro serviço ou para sua casa.

A segurança do paciente no centro cirúrgico: papel da equipe de enfermagem / The patient safety at the surgical center: role of the nursing team

Objetivo: identificar o papel da equipe de enfermagem de um centro cirúrgico quanto à aplicação da segurança do paciente. Material e Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo de caráter exploratório com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com profissionais da equipe de enfermagem atuantes no centro cirúrgico de uma instituição hospitalar privada, localizada na Serra Gaúcha, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados através de questionários formulados por 25 perguntas, que posteriormente foram armazenados em planilhas no Microsoft® Windows® Excel® 2010 em forma de tabelas para análise estatística descritiva. Resultados: considerando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, a amostra foi composta por 24 questionários válidos. Os dados analisados evidenciaram predomínio de concordância entre os enfermeiros e os técnicos em enfermagem referente à adesão da segurança do paciente em centro cirúrgico. Conclusão: a pesquisa ressaltou as dificuldades que os profissionais relatam durante sua jornada de trabalho. Tornou-se evidente a insatisfação dos mesmos em relação ao quantitativo dos profissionais de enfermagem, que, de acordo com eles, é um número insuficiente em relação à demanda das necessidades de um processo de cuidar e de segurança do paciente.

Objective: to identify the role of the nursing team in a surgical center regarding the application of patient safety. Material and Method: this is an exploratory descriptive study with a quantitative approach, carried out with professionals of the nursing team of the surgical center of a private institution, located in the Serra Gaúcha, in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Data were collected through questionnaires formulated by 25 questions, which were later stored in Microsoft® Windows® Excel® 2010 spreadsheets in the form of tables for descriptive statistical analysis. Abstract Results: considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the sample consisted of 24 valid questionnaires. The analyzed data showed a high level of agreement between nurses and nursing technicians regarding adherence to patient safety in the operating room. Conclusion: the research highlighted the difficulties that professionals report during their workday. It became evident their dissatisfaction in relation to the number of nursing professionals, which, according to them, is an insufficient number in relation to the demand for the needs of a patient care and safety process.

Percepção de enfermeiros na evolução intraoperatória: um estudo qualitativo / Nurses' perception of intraoperative evolution: a qualitative study / Percepción de enfermeros sobre la evolución intraoperatoria: un estudio cualitativo

Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção dos enfermeiros de centro cirúrgico sobre a evolução de enfermagem do período intraoperatório. Método: Estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, realizado por meio de entrevistas online com enfermeiros que trabalham em centro cirúrgico, entre junho e julho de 2021. Amostra intencional, não probabilística, constituída de 12 enfermeiras. Dados avaliados pela análise de conteúdo de Bardin e pelo software MAXQDA 2020®. Resultados: Identificaram-se as palavras da classe de substantivos de maior frequência no corpus das entrevistas: paciente, sala, tempo, cirurgia e cirurgias. Emergiram três categorias temáticas: sobrecarga de trabalho e disponibilidade de tempo dos enfermeiros de centro cirúrgico; atuação assistencial do enfermeiro no intraoperatório; efeitos da pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusão: As enfermeiras percebem a realização da evolução de enfermagem intraoperatória como uma ferramenta que aproxima o enfermeiro da atuação assistencial e qualifica a prática perioperatória. Contudo as fragilidades organizacionais impactam a dedicação desses profissionais no cuidado direto ao paciente.

Objective: To know the perception of surgical center nurses about the evolution of nursing in the intraoperative period. Method: Exploratory study with a qualitative approach, carried out through online interviews with nurses working in a surgical center, between June and July 2021. Intentional, non-probabilistic sample consisting of 12 nurses. Data evaluated by Bardin's content analysis and MAXQDA 2020® software. Results: The most frequent nouns were identified in the corpus of the interviews: patient, room, time, surgery, and surgeries. Three thematic categories emerged: work overload and time availability of surgical center nurses; nurses' assistance in the intraoperative period; effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Nurses perceive the development of intraoperative nursing as a tool that brings nurses closer to care work and qualifies perioperative practice. However, organizational weaknesses impact the dedication of these professionals in direct patient care.

Objetivo: Conocer la percepción de los enfermeros de quirófano sobre la evolución de la enfermería en el intraoperatorio. Método: Estudio exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo, realizado a través de entrevistas online con enfermeras que trabajan en un centro quirúrgico, entre junio/julio de 2021. Muestra intencional, no probabilística compuesta por 12 enfermeras. Datos evaluados a partir del análisis de contenido de Bardin y el software MAXQDA 2020®. Resultados: Se identificaron las palabras de la clase de sustantivos más frecuentes en el corpus de las entrevistas: paciente, habitación, tiempo, cirugía y cirugías. Emergieron tres categorías temáticas: sobrecarga de trabajo y disponibilidad de tiempo de los enfermeros de CQ; asistencia de enfermeras en el período intraoperatorio; y efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusión: Las enfermeras perciben el desarrollo de la enfermería intraoperatoria como una herramienta que acerca al enfermero al trabajo de cuidado y cualifica la práctica perioperatoria. Sin embargo, las debilidades organizativas impactan en la dedicación de estos profesionales en la atención directa al paciente.

Research progress on health hazards and occupational protection of prolymethylmethacrylate bone cement in the operating room / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

There are many occupational risk factors in operating room work. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) , as a kind of common bone filling and repairing material, is widely used in the fixation of artificial joints, oral braces and orthopedic prosthesis. However, PMMA will release methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer when it is implanted into human tissues and polymerized to harden, which is toxic to the body. This paper analyzes harmful factors in using PMMA bone cement, and then explores corresponding occupational protection knowledge, in order to reduce the occurrence of occupational hazards related to PMMA bone cement and enhance the self-protection ability of the operation room medical staff.

Time comparison of artificial airway establishment in operating room and on slope using endotracheal intubation and laryngeal mask / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the completion time of endotracheal intubation and laryngeal mask implantation in operating room and on slope of ski resort, and to discuss the optimal method of estab-lishing artificial airway on slope of ski resort.@*METHODS@#The simulator was placed with the head under the feet on slope of ski resort. The artificial airway was established by tracheal intubation assisted by video laryngoscope (endotracheal intubation group) and laryngeal mask placement (laryngeal mask group) respectively by an anesthesiologist who wore full set of ski suits, helmets, goggles, gloves and ski boots. Each method was repeated 5 times, and the operation time of artificial airway establishment was recorded. While the simulated human was placed flat on the operating table in an operating room of a hospital, and the artificial airway was established by the same anesthesiologist using the same methods. Time was recorded and repeated for 5 times. The completion time of endotracheal intubation and laryngeal mask placement in the operating room and on the ski slope were compared.@*RESULTS@#The operating time of tracheal intubation in the operating room was longer than that of laryngeal mask placement [(79.8±10.4) s vs. (53.4±2.7) s, P=0.005], and the operating time of endotracheal intubation on the ski slope was longer than that of laryngeal mask placement [(209.2±32.7) s vs. (72.2±3.1) s, P=0.001]. The time of endotracheal intubation group on the slope of the ski resort was longer than that in the opera-ting room(t=-7.851, P=0.001). The time of laryngeal mask group on the slope was longer than that in the operating room (t=-19.391, P < 0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#On ski slope, both of tracheal intubation assisted by video laryngoscope and laryngeal mask placement can quickly complete the establishment of artificial airway, but the time required is longer than that in the operating room. The time of laryngeal mask placement to establish artificial airway is shorter than that of tracheal intubation assisted video laryngoscope, which may have a certain advantage in ski rescue.

Factores de riesgo del personal de enfermería del área quirúrgica de un hospital de tercer nivel / Risk factors of nursing staff in the surgical area of a third level hospital

Introducción: la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) fundamenta que para luchar contra las infecciones asociadas a la atención sanitaria es necesario reducir las normas de bioseguridad para el personal ocupacionalmente expuesto. La bioseguridad es proteger la calidad de vida libre de daño, riesgo o peligro; el personal de enfermería que labora en el quirófano está expuesto a múltiples factores de riesgo, como el uso de químicos para procesar material quirúrgico, biológicos por el estrecho contacto con el paciente y fluidos corporales, psicosociales, por la carga de trabajo y ambientes tensos, o riesgos ergonómicos por estar en posiciones de pie por largos periodos de tiempo en procedimientos quirúrgicos. Objetivo: analizar los factores de riesgo del personal de enfermería del área quirúrgica de un hospital de tercer nivel. Material y métodos: estudio de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Universo: integrado por el personal de enfermería del área quirúrgica de un hospital de tercer nivel. Muestra: no probabilística a criterio del investigador, integrado por 50 enfermeras y enfermeros de quirófano de todos los turnos. Criterios de inclusión: todos los enfermeros y enfermeras que se encuentren laborando en el área quirúrgica, con más de 2 meses dentro del área quirúrgica. Criterios de exclusión: personal de enfermería que no firmó consentimiento informado y no desearon participar, personal de enfermería de permiso, vacaciones, incapacidad, ausentismo, o no se encuentran laborando por algún otro motivo. El instrumento: cuestionario de 88 preguntas, con respuestas dicotómicas, con una confiabilidad de .99 utilizando fórmula de Kuder-Richardson. Resultados: personal de enfermería tiene un riesgo biológico del 100 %, en riesgos químicos 87 %, riesgos físicos 94 %, en cuanto a riesgos psicosocial 94 % de los encuestados consideran tener este riesgo, para riesgos ergonómicos el 67 % de los encuestados refieren presentar lesiones músculo esqueléticas. Conclusión: Los profesionales de enfermería dentro del área quirúrgica están expuestos a los diferentes riesgos. Estos peligros afectan individual y colectivamente, tienen la probabilidad de desencadenar una alteración a la salud, afectando inevitablemente el proceso de trabajo, conlleva al bajo rendimiento laboral e incumplimiento de los objetivos en las instituciones públicas y privadas. Se debe tener gran observancia al apego de las medidas de bioseguridad en la unidad quirúrgica para disminuir los riesgos de enfermedades infectocontagiosas.

Introduction: the World Health Organization (WHO) argues that in order to combat infections associated with health care, it is necessary to reduce biosecurity standards for occupational exposed personnel. Biosecurity is to protect quality of life free from damage, risk or danger; nursing staff working in the operating room are exposed to multiple risk factors, such as the use of chemicals to process surgical material; biological factores due to close contact with the patient and body fluids, psychosocial factors, due to workload and tense environments, or ergonomic risks to being in standing positions for long periods of time in surgical procedures. Objective: to analyze the risk factors of nursing staff in the surgical area of a third-level hospital. Material and methods: quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Universe: composed of the nursing staff from the surgical area of a third level hospital. Sample: non-probability at the investigator's discretion, consisting of 50 operating room nurses of all shifts. Inclusion criteria: all nurses who are working in the surgical area, with more than 2 months in the surgical area. Exclusion criteria: nursing staff who did not sign informed consent and did not wish to participate, nursing staff on leave, vacation, disability, absenteeism, or are not working for some other reason. The instrument: questionnaire consisting of eighty-eight questions, with dichotomous answers, with a reliability of. 99 using Kuder-Richardson formula. Results: the nursing staff has a biological risk of 100%, in chemical risks: 87%, physical risks: 94%, in terms of psychosocial risks, 94% of the respondents consider they have this risk; for ergonomic risks, 67% of those surveyed reported presenting musculoskeletal injuries. Conclusion: nursing professionals in the surgical area are exposed to different risks. These hazards affect individually and collectively, it has the probability of triggering a health disturbance, inevitably affecting the work process, leads to poor work performance and non-compliance with objectives in public and private institutions. Adherence to biosafety measures must be observed in the surgical unit to reduce the risks of infectious and contagious diseases.

Sinais e sintomas relacionados à exposição à fumaça cirúrgica: revisão integrativa / Signs and symptoms related to surgical smoke exposure: integrative review / Signos y síntomas relacionados con la exposición al humo quirúrgico: revisión integrativa

Objetivo: Analisar as evidências científicas disponíveis na literatura sobre os sinais e sintomas relacionados à exposição à fumaça cirúrgica em trabalhadores do bloco operatório. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura, com busca nas seguintes bases de dados: Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Web Of Science e SCOPUS. Resultados: Foram 1.351 estudos pré-selecionados, sendo 4 por busca manual. Ao fim, obtiveram-se cinco artigos para análise. Os sinais e sintomas encontrados foram: tosse, ardência de faringe, espirros, rinite, lesão nasofaringe, sensação de corpo estranho na garganta, congestão nasal, inflamação das vias aéreas, lacrimejamento dos olhos, náuseas, vômitos, dor abdominal, fraqueza, cãibra, cefaleia, sonolência, tonturas, irritabilidade, desconforto (como mau cheiro na roupa). Conclusão: Observaram-se grandes avanços nas pesquisas propostas, estudos que embasam a intensidade dos sinais e sintomas e orientação dos riscos nocivos que proporcionem aos gestores conhecimento e fundamentação científica para futuras intervenções tanto contra a proteção ao trabalhador como para prevenção de risco no ambiente de trabalho.

Objective: To analyze the scientific evidence available in the literature on signs and symptoms related to surgical smoke exposure among surgical block workers. Method: This integrative literature review searched the following databases: MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Web of Science, and Scopus. Results: A total of 1,351 studies were pre-selected, 4 of which were found by manual search. In the end, five articles were analyzed. The signs and symptoms identified were: cough, burning sensation in the pharynx, sneezing, rhinitis, nasopharyngeal lesion, foreign body sensation in the throat, nasal congestion, airway inflammation, lacrimation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, muscle cramp, headache, drowsiness, lightheadedness, irritability, discomfort (such as unpleasant smell in clothes). Conclusion: Great advances have been detected in the studies proposed. These investigations lay the foundation for the intensity of signs and symptoms and the orientation regarding harmful risks, providing managers with the knowledge and scientific basis for future interventions, both to protect the team and to prevent risks in the work environment.

Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia científica disponible en la literatura sobre signos y síntomas relacionados con la exposición al humo quirúrgico en trabajadores de quirófano. Método: Revisión integrativa de la literatura, buscando en las siguientes bases de datos: Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences, Web Of Science y SCOPUS. Resultados: Hubo 1.351 estudios preseleccionados, cuatro por búsqueda manual. Al final, se obtuvieron cinco artículos para su análisis. Los signos y síntomas encontrados fueron: tos, ardor faríngeo, estornudos, rinitis, lesión nasofaríngea, sensación de cuerpo extraño en la garganta, congestión nasal, inflamación de las vías respiratorias, lagrimeo de los ojos, náuseas, vómitos, dolor abdominal, debilidad, calambres, dolor de cabeza, somnolencia, mareos, irritabilidad, malestar como mal olor en la ropa. Conclusión: Hubo grandes avances en la investigación propuesta, estudios que apoyan la intensidad de los signos y síntomas y orientaciones sobre riesgos nocivos que brinden a los gestores conocimiento y fundamento científico para futuras intervenciones, tanto contra la protección del trabajador como para la prevención de riesgos en el entorno laboral.

Sala de emergencias Bagdad. La evolución en la cirugía de control de daños / Baghdad ER. The evolution of damage control surgery

Las características de las heridas producidas en los atentados terroristas en varias ciudades del mundo y en los combates de las operaciones militares en Afganistán e Irak, han determinado un nuevo tipo de manejo de las lesiones por parte del personal medico involucrado. La categorización de las hemorragias, el nuevo esquema de atención prehospitalaria MARCH y la incorporación de la resucitación balanceada a la cirugía de control de daños, en un hospital de soporte en combate en Bagdad, representan parte del cambio. La retroalimentación entre la experiencia civil y militar ha permitido el progreso del tratamiento de los traumatismos. Los hospitales venezolanos han desarrollado su propia experiencia en el desarrollo de la cirugía de control de daños. Un nuevo tipo de ingresos en las emergencias capitalinas y la covid 19 señalan los nuevos desafíos a los que se enfrentan los cirujanos venezolanos(AU)

The large number of casualties produced as a result of terrorist attacks and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, stimulated the medical community to rethink the management of trauma. The categorization of the haemorrhages, the new mnemonic MARCH and the incorporation the balanced resuscitation in the damage control surgery, in a combat support hospital in Baghdad, represent a change. The feedback between the civil and military permitted the progress in the treatment of the injuries. The venezuelans hospitals development their experience in the damage control surgery. A new kind of injuries in the capital and the covid 19 indicate the news challenges for the surgeons(AU)

Applicability of the Disruptions in Surgery Index in the Cardiovascular Management Scenarios - A Marker for Developing Functionally Efficient Teams

Abstract Introduction: To support the development of practices and guidelines that might help to reduce adverse events related to human factors, we aimed to study the response and perception by members of a cardiovascular surgery team of various error-driven or adverse features that might arise in the operating room (OR). Methods: A previously validated Disruptions in Surgery Index (DiSI) questionnaire was completed by individuals working together in a cardiovascular surgical unit. Results were submitted to reliability analysis by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's post-test were performed to estimate differences in perceptions of adverse events or outcomes between the groups (surgeons, nurses, anesthesiologists, and technicians). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients showed consistency within the recommended range for all disruption types assessed in DiSI: an individual's skill (0.85), OR environment (0.88), communication (0.81), situational awareness (0.92), patient-related disruption (0.89), team cohesion (0.83), and organizational disruption (0.83). Nurses (27.4%) demonstrated significantly higher perception of disruptions than surgeons (25.4%), anesthetists (23.3%), and technicians (23.0%) (P=0.005). Study participants were more observant of their colleagues' disruptive behaviors than their own (P=0.0001). Conclusion: Our results revealed that there is a tendency among participants to hold a positive self-perception position. DiSI appears to be a reliable and useful tool to assess surgical disruptions in cardiovascular OR teams, identifying negative features that might imperil teamwork and safety in the OR. And human factors training interventions are available to develop team skills and improve safety and efficiency in the cardiovascular OR.

Clima de segurança do paciente em centro cirúrgico: avaliação pela equipe multidisciplinar / Patient safety climate surgical: team evaluation multidisciplinary / Clima de seguridad del paciente del centro quirúrgico: evaluación del equipo multidisciplinario

Objetivo: Avaliar o clima de segurança do paciente no centro cirúrgico de um hospital público de ensino, sob a ótica da equipe multidisciplinar. Método: Estudo transversal, descritivo, desenvolvido no centro cirúrgico de um hospital universitário do Paraná, Brasil. Aplicou-se a versão brasileira validada do Safety Attitudes Questionnaire/ Operating Room Version a uma amostra de 36 trabalhadores multidisciplinares. Na análise estatística descritiva, os escores acima de 75 pontos foram considerados positivos. Resultados: A média da percepção do clima de segurança multiprofissional foi de 61,8±38,8 pontos. Apenas o Fator 8, Satisfação no trabalho (82,6±23,4), e o Fator 12, Cirurgião como coordenador da equipe (77,1±27,2), alcançaram escores positivos no estudo. O pior domínio avaliado foi "percepção de estresse" (34,2±34,1). A categoria "enfermeiro assistencial" foi a que melhor avaliou o clima de segurança do paciente, mesmo sem atingir o ponto de corte. Conclusão: O clima de segurança do paciente no centro cirúrgico obteve avaliação negativa pela equipe multidisciplinar, o que indica a necessidade de revisão de processos para possível maior segurança no cuidado

Objective: To assess the patient safety climate in the surgical center of a public teaching hospital, from the perspective of the multidisciplinary team. Method: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study developed in the surgical center of a teaching hospital located in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The Brazilian and validated version of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire/Operating Room Version was applied to a sample of 36 multidisciplinary professionals. In the descriptive statistical analysis, scores higher than 75 points were considered positive. Results: The average perception of the multidisciplinary safety climate was 61.8±38.8 points. Only Factor 8 ­ Job satisfaction (82.6±23.4) and Factor 12 ­ Surgeon as team leader (77.1±27.2) achieved positive scores in the study. The worst domain evaluated was "Stress recognition" (34.2±34.1). The category "nursing assistants" was the one that best evaluated the patient's safety climate, even without reaching the cutoff point. Conclusion: Patient safety climate in the surgical center was negatively assessed by the multidisciplinary team, which indicates the need for reviewing processes to achieve greater safety in care.

Objetivo: Evaluar el clima de seguridad del paciente en el Centro Quirúrgico de un hospital público docente, desde la perspectiva del equipo multidisciplinario. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal, desarrollado en el Centro Quirúrgico de un hospital universitario de Paraná, Brasil. Se aplicó la versión brasileña validada del Safety Attitudes Questionnaire / Operating Room Version a una muestra de 36 trabajadores multidisciplinarios. En el análisis estadístico descriptivo, los puntajes superiores a 75 puntos fueron considerados positivos. Resultados: La percepción media del clima de seguridad multiprofesional fue de 61,8±38,8 puntos. Solo el Factor 8- Satisfacción laboral (82,6±23,4) y el Factor 12- Cirujano como coordinador del equipo (77,1±27,2) obtuvieron puntuaciones positivas en el estudio. El peor dominio evaluado fue la "Percepción de estrés" (34,2±34,1). La categoría "Enfermero asistencial" fue la que mejor evaluó el clima de seguridad del paciente, incluso sin alcanzar el punto de corte. Conclusión: El clima de seguridad del paciente en el Centro Quirúrgico fue evaluado negativamente por el equipo multidisciplinario, lo que indica la necesidad de revisar los procesos para una posible mayor seguridad en la atención.

Desarrollo de técnicas microquirúrgicas usando tinción vascular con y sin silicona en placenta humana con modelos craneales 3D / Development of microsurgical techniques using vascular staining with and without silicone in human placenta with 3D cranial models

En las ultimas décadas, ha habido un cambio en la formación en las especialidades quirúrgicas, lo cual ha llevado a plantearse la necesidad de adquisición de habilidades por fuera del quirófano por medio de la simulación. El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar que el uso de placentas humanas con modelo craneal tridimensional (3D), es un método de alta fidelidad y retroalimentación para el desarrollo de técnicas microquirúrgicas. Se realizó un estudio de evaluación técnica en el Laboratorio de Microcirugía Dr. Evandro de Oliveira del Hospital de la Beneficiencia de Portugal de São Paulo, utilizando 15 placentas con técnicas de coloración y preservación vascular con silicona para moldes; realizando ejercicio de anastomosis vasculares, ejercicios de disección parenquimatosa placentaria que remedan la disección aracnoidea y del valle silviano, además de simulación de resección de tumores. Cualitativamente la placenta humana es un método con alta fidelidad y retroalimentación, además, es de acceso universal para la adquisición de habilidades microquirúrgicas, que asociada a un modelo craneal 3D permite el perfeccionamiento de craneotomías, coordinación visomotriz, propiocepción y relación de profundidad que se requieren para abordajes neuroquirúrgicos.

In the last decades, there has been a change in training in surgical specialties, which has led to the need to acquire skills outside the operating room through simulation. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that the use of human placentas with a three-dimensional (3D) cranial model is a high fidelity and feedback method for the development of microsurgical techniques. A technical evaluation study was carried out in the Dr. Evandro de Oliveira Microsurgery Laboratory of the Hospital de la Beneficiencia de Portugal in São Paulo, using 15 placentas with coloration techniques and vascular preservation with silicone for molds; performing vascular anastomosis, placental parenchymal dissection exercises that mimic arachnoid and sylvian fissure dissection, in addition to simulating tumor resection. Qualitatively, the human placenta is a method with high fidelity and feedback, and it is also universally accessible for the acquisition of microsurgical skills, which, associated with a 3D cranial model, allows the refinement of the craniotomies, visomotor coordination, proprioception, and depth relationship required for neurosurgical approaches.

Mortalidad operatoria en cirugía mayor. Análisis retrospectivo en un Servicio de Cirugía / Operative mortality in major surgery. Retrospective analysis in a Surgery Service

RESUMEN Introducción: la propia asistencia médica provoca, en determinadas situaciones, problemas de salud que pueden llegar a ser importantes para el enfermo. El análisis de la mortalidad es uno de los parámetros utilizados para investigar la seguridad en la realización de procederes de cirugía mayor. Objetivo: determinar los factores asociados a la mortalidad operatoria en cirugías mayores. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, de los pacientes que fallecieron tras la realización de una cirugía mayor, en el Hospital Militar Docente Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy, de Matanzas, en el período comprendido de enero de 2011 a diciembre de 2019. Resultados: la tercera edad aportó 77,3 % de los fallecidos. La hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y cardiopatía isquémica fueron las principales comorbilidades. El abdomen agudo fue el diagnóstico operatorio más frecuente con 98 (58,3 %). Las complicaciones aportaron el 11,9 % de los fallecidos; los eventos adversos, 29,7 %, y por el curso natural de la enfermedad, murió un 58,3 %. El síndrome de disfunción múltiple de órganos y el shock séptico resultaron las principales causas de muerte (62 %). Conclusiones: la mortalidad operatoria estuvo asociada a factores de riesgo como edad avanzada, enfermedades crónicas y cirugía de urgencia. Los eventos adversos elevan la incidencia de mortalidad en cirugía mayor. Las infecciones son la principal causa de mortalidad operatoria (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: medical care itself causes, in certain situations, health problems that could be very important for the patient. The mortality analysis is one of the parameters used to study safety performing procedures of major surgery. Objective: to determine the factors associated to operatory mortality in major surgeries. Materials and methods: a retrospective, descriptive and observational study was carried out of the patients who passed away after undergoing a major surgery in the Military Hospital Dr. Mario Munoz Monroy in the period between January 2011 and December 2019. Results: 77.3 % of the deceased were elder people. The main co-morbidities were arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease. The most frequent surgery diagnosis was acute abdomen with 98 patients (58.3 %). Complications yielded 11.9 % of the deceases, adverse events 29.7 % and 58.3 % died due to the natural course of the disease. The organs multiple dysfunction syndrome and septic shock were the main causes of dead (62 %). Conclusions: operatory mortality was associated to risk factors like advanced age, chronic diseases and emergency surgery. The adverse events increase mortality incidence in major surgery. Infections are the main causes of operatory mortality (AU).